CLAUDE: CUAS-RT overhaul - real-base synthetic-grid injection, level/time...

CLAUDE: CUAS-RT overhaul - real-base synthetic-grid injection, level/time ROIs, 3d3 bypass, DNN offset/stride/window

Reworks the synthetic B-measurement and detector flow on the real pyramid base:

- Load: the real -CUAS-MERGED-CUAS stack is always the pyramid base (full-length
  levels); when curt_synth_src, the synthetic grid is loaded separately (scaled,
  NOT LoG'd) and injected TILED into each selected pyramid level AFTER the pure
  pyramid is built - same grid at every level, real noise averaged (sqrt(2)/level,
  printed). Both file picks use newestFile(). The old load-time mixing and the
  curt_synth_bg_avg (N=) decimation are retired.
- Level selection unified on curt_c5_levels for ALL heavy paths (3d3/conv5d,
  C5P-direct, DNN); cheap temporalAverage pyramid still builds up to the max
  selected level. Pyramid-depth guard stops building when a level would have <1
  frame (was NegativeArraySizeException on short sequences).
- Timing ROI curt_time_from/to (timestamp seconds; last-4-of-seconds shortcut,
  rollover-aware, 3-decimal fixed display) clips saved RECT/HYPER/DNN/C5P stacks
  and gates the DNN inference (compute-window, not just save).
- curt_3d3_en (default false) bypasses the 3d3 coarse-velocity path and its
  ~W*H*9 arrays. Full-velocities hyperstack render is guarded by a free-heap
  estimate (it is also an unfilled stub) and skipped if it would not fit.
- DNN: curt_dnn_stride (1 testing / 4 production 50%-overlap), and -DNN-OFFSET
  visualization (dx, dy, s over the ROI) from the offset channels.
Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

src/main/java/com/elphel/imagej/cuas/rt/CuasDetectRT.java

@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ public class CuasDetectRT {
 	int             width;
 	int             height;
 	String []       time_stamps;
+	float [][]      synth_pixels = null; // synthetic reference grid (scaled, NOT LoG'd), injected per pyramid level; null = real-only // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 	double          infinity;
 	
 	public CuasDetectRT(
@@ -59,17 +60,19 @@ public class CuasDetectRT {
 		this.clt_parameters = clt_parameters;
 		this.model_directory = model_directory;
 		this.infinity = clt_parameters.imp.cuas_infinity;
-		final String fpixels_suffix = clt_parameters.imp.curt_synth_src ? SUFFIX_SYNTH_TIFF : SUFFIX_FPIXELS_TIFF; // By Claude on 06/11/2026
+		// The REAL stack is always the pyramid base (gives the full-length levels); the synthetic // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+		// reference grid (if curt_synth_src) is loaded separately below and injected per-level.
+		final String fpixels_suffix = SUFFIX_FPIXELS_TIFF; // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 		String [] fpixels_paths = CorrectionParameters.getFilesByExtensionAsArray(model_directory, fpixels_suffix); // By Claude on 06/11/2026
 		
 		String [] dbg_slices=null;
 		float [][] dbg_pixels=null;
 		boolean save_copy = false; // true;
 		if (fpixels_paths.length > 0) {
+			fpixels_file = newestFile(fpixels_paths); // pick up the newest matching file // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 			if (fpixels_paths.length > 1) {
-				System.out.println((fpixels_paths.length)+" files ending with \""+fpixels_suffix+"\" found in "+model_directory+", will use the first one."); // By Claude on 06/11/2026
+				System.out.println((fpixels_paths.length)+" files ending with \""+fpixels_suffix+"\" found in "+model_directory+", using the newest: "+fpixels_file); // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 			}
-			fpixels_file = fpixels_paths[0];
 			ImagePlus imp = new ImagePlus(fpixels_file);
 			width =  imp.getWidth();
 			height = imp.getHeight();
@@ -95,84 +98,34 @@ public class CuasDetectRT {
 					}
 					String fpixels_name = Path.of(fpixels_file).getFileName().toString();
 					base_name = fpixels_name.substring(0,fpixels_name.length() - fpixels_suffix.length()); // By Claude on 06/11/2026
-					if (clt_parameters.imp.curt_synth_src) { // mark all output titles - synthetic and real runs share the directory // By Claude on 06/11/2026
-						// Runtime mixing: synthetic file holds NORMALIZED (peak 1) clean targets; // By Claude on 06/12/2026
-						// scale to the wanted peak (counts) and optionally add the real scene
-						// (label-matched frames of *-CUAS-MERGED-CUAS.tiff) as background.
+					if (clt_parameters.imp.curt_synth_src) { // load the synthetic reference grid separately (NOT mixed here) // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+						// Real (loaded above) is the pyramid base. The synthetic file holds NORMALIZED
+						// (peak 1) clean targets / a velocity-reference grid: load + scale it, keep it
+						// aside (NO LoG - it has no slowly-varying background), and inject it TILED into
+						// each pyramid level just before conv5d/DNN, so it is never averaged across levels
+						// and looks the same at every level while the real noise is averaged (SNR up ~sqrt2/level).
 						double synth_scale = clt_parameters.imp.curt_synth_scale;
-						boolean synth_bg =   clt_parameters.imp.curt_synth_bg;
-						for (int i = 0; i < fpixels.length; i++) {
-							float [] fpix_scaled = new float [fpixels[i].length]; // do not modify the stack's arrays
-							for (int pix = 0; pix < fpixels[i].length; pix++) {
-								fpix_scaled[pix] = (float) (fpixels[i][pix] * synth_scale);
-							}
-							fpixels[i] = fpix_scaled;
-						}
-						int bg_avg = Math.max(1, clt_parameters.imp.curt_synth_bg_avg);         // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-						if (synth_bg) {
-							String [] real_paths = CorrectionParameters.getFilesByExtensionAsArray(model_directory, SUFFIX_FPIXELS_TIFF);
-							if (real_paths.length > 0) {
-								ImagePlus imp_real = new ImagePlus(real_paths[0]);
-								ImageStack real_stack = imp_real.getStack();
-								java.util.HashMap<String,Integer> real_idx = new java.util.HashMap<String,Integer>();
-								for (int sl = 1; sl <= real_stack.getSize(); sl++) {
-									real_idx.put(real_stack.getSliceLabel(sl), sl);
-								}
-								if (bg_avg <= 1) {                                             // By Claude on 06/13/2026 (original label-matched path)
-									int n_added = 0;
-									for (int i = 0; i < time_stamps.length; i++) {
-										Integer sl = real_idx.get(time_stamps[i]);
-										if (sl != null) {
-											float [] real_pix = (float[]) real_stack.getPixels(sl);
-											for (int pix = 0; pix < fpixels[i].length; pix++) {
-												fpixels[i][pix] += real_pix[pix];
-											}
-											n_added++;
-										}
-									}
-									System.out.println("Synthetic mixing: scale "+synth_scale+", real background added to "+
-											n_added+" of "+time_stamps.length+" frames from "+real_paths[0]);
-								} else {                                                       // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-									// Pyramid-level emulation by DECIMATION: output frame i is the mean of
-									// bg_avg consecutive frames [i*N .. i*N+N-1] of BOTH the scaled synthetic
-									// target AND the real background (non-overlapping groups). This matches
-									// level log2(N): the sequence is DECIMATED by N (fewer output frames), the
-									// moving target is motion-averaged like the real pyramid, and the noise
-									// statistics are those of an N-frame average. Timestamp = LAST real frame
-									// of each group (pyramid-level convention), so labels increment by N/fps.
-									Integer sl0 = real_idx.get(time_stamps[0]);
-									if (sl0 == null) sl0 = 1; // fall back to the start of the real stack
-									int n_synth = time_stamps.length;                          // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-									int npix_frame = width * height;
-									int real_groups = (real_stack.getSize() - sl0 + 1) / bg_avg;
-									int num_out = Math.min(n_synth / bg_avg, real_groups);     // complete groups only
-									float  [][] dec_pixels = new float  [num_out][npix_frame];
-									String  []  dec_ts     = new String [num_out];
-									double  []  acc        = new double [npix_frame];
-									for (int i = 0; i < num_out; i++) {
-										java.util.Arrays.fill(acc, 0.0);
-										for (int n = 0; n < bg_avg; n++) {
-											float [] syn_pix  =          fpixels[i * bg_avg + n];          // already scaled by synth_scale
-											float [] real_pix = (float[]) real_stack.getPixels(sl0 + i * bg_avg + n);
-											for (int pix = 0; pix < npix_frame; pix++) acc[pix] += syn_pix[pix] + real_pix[pix];
-										}
-										for (int pix = 0; pix < npix_frame; pix++) dec_pixels[i][pix] = (float) (acc[pix] / bg_avg);
-										dec_ts[i] = real_stack.getSliceLabel(sl0 + i * bg_avg + bg_avg - 1);
-									}
-									fpixels     = dec_pixels;
-									time_stamps = dec_ts;
-									System.out.println("Synthetic mixing: scale "+synth_scale+", pyramid-level emulation by decimation x"+bg_avg+
-											" (mean of "+bg_avg+" consecutive synth+real frames per output frame), "+
-											num_out+" output frames from "+n_synth+" synthetic / "+real_stack.getSize()+" real");
-								}
-							} else {
-								System.out.println("Synthetic mixing: real background requested but no \""+SUFFIX_FPIXELS_TIFF+"\" found - synthetic only");
-								synth_bg = false;
+						String [] synth_paths = CorrectionParameters.getFilesByExtensionAsArray(model_directory, SUFFIX_SYNTH_TIFF);
+						if (synth_paths.length > 0) {
+							String synth_file = newestFile(synth_paths); // pick up the newest synthetic // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+							ImagePlus imp_s = new ImagePlus(synth_file);
+							ImageStack ss = imp_s.getStack();
+							int s_first = 1;
+							for (; !Character.isDigit(ss.getSliceLabel(s_first).charAt(0)); s_first++);
+							int n_synth = ss.getSize() - s_first + 1;
+							synth_pixels = new float [n_synth][];
+							for (int i = 0; i < n_synth; i++) {
+								float [] sp = (float[]) ss.getPixels(s_first + i);
+								float [] sc = new float [sp.length];
+								for (int k = 0; k < sp.length; k++) sc[k] = (float)(sp[k] * synth_scale);
+								synth_pixels[i] = sc;
 							}
+							System.out.println("Synthetic grid: loaded "+n_synth+" frames (scale "+synth_scale+", no LoG) from "+synth_file+
+									" - injected per pyramid level, tiled (synth[j % "+n_synth+"])");
 						} else {
-							System.out.println("Synthetic mixing: scale "+synth_scale+", no background (clean targets)");
+							System.out.println("curt_synth_src set but no \""+SUFFIX_SYNTH_TIFF+"\" found in "+model_directory+" - real only");
 						}
-						base_name += "-SYNTH"+d2s(synth_scale)+(synth_bg ? "B" : "")+((synth_bg && (bg_avg > 1)) ? ("AVG"+bg_avg) : ""); // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+						base_name += "-SYNTH"+d2s(synth_scale)+"B"; // real is always the averaged background base // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 					}
 					System.out.println("Read image data from "+fpixels_file);
 			} else {
@@ -227,6 +180,82 @@ public class CuasDetectRT {
 	public static String now() { // By Claude on 06/11/2026
 		return new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss").format(Calendar.getInstance().getTime());
 	}
+
+	/** Pick the most recently modified file among matches ("pick up the new one"). // By Claude on 06/14/2026 */
+	private static String newestFile(String [] paths) {
+		if ((paths == null) || (paths.length == 0)) return null;
+		String best = paths[0];
+		long bestT = new java.io.File(best).lastModified();
+		for (int i = 1; i < paths.length; i++) {
+			long t = new java.io.File(paths[i]).lastModified();
+			if (t > bestT) { bestT = t; best = paths[i]; }
+		}
+		return best;
+	}
+
+	/** Parse a slice-label timestamp "sec_micro..." (ignoring any " f<idx>" / "-N" tail) to seconds. // By Claude on 06/14/2026 */
+	private static double parseTs(String label) {
+		if (label == null) return Double.NaN;
+		try {
+			int us = label.indexOf('_');
+			if (us < 0) {
+				int i = 0; while ((i < label.length()) && Character.isDigit(label.charAt(i))) i++;
+				return (i > 0) ? Double.parseDouble(label.substring(0, i)) : Double.NaN;
+			}
+			long sec = Long.parseLong(label.substring(0, us));
+			int j = us + 1; while ((j < label.length()) && Character.isDigit(label.charAt(j))) j++;
+			double frac = (j > us + 1) ? Double.parseDouble("0." + label.substring(us + 1, j)) : 0.0;
+			return sec + frac;
+		} catch (Exception e) { return Double.NaN; }
+	}
+
+	/** Expand a timing-ROI spec: <=0 open; 0<v<10000 = last-4 of seconds (from the range, rollover-aware); >=10000 explicit. // By Claude on 06/14/2026 */
+	private static double expandTimeSpec(double v, double minSec, boolean isEnd) {
+		if (v <= 0) return isEnd ? Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY : Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
+		if (v >= 10000) return v; // explicit full timestamp (sub-second fraction preserved)
+		long min  = (long) Math.floor(minSec);
+		long high = min - (min % 10000);
+		long tail = (long) Math.floor(v);   // integer seconds tail (last 4 digits)
+		double frac = v - tail;             // sub-second fraction, e.g. 1/60 s steps
+		long cand = high + tail;
+		if (cand < min) cand += 10000;      // rolled over within the available range (...9999 -> ...+1 0000)
+		if (frac > 0) return cand + frac;   // explicit sub-second given - use it for both ends
+		return isEnd ? (cand + 0.999999) : (double) cand; // whole 'to' second when entered as an integer
+	}
+
+	/** [i0,i1) scene-index window for the timing ROI (curt_time_from/to), or full range if open/empty. // By Claude on 06/14/2026 */
+	private int [] timeWindow(String [] ts) {
+		int n = (ts == null) ? 0 : ts.length;
+		double from = clt_parameters.imp.curt_time_from;
+		double to   = clt_parameters.imp.curt_time_to;
+		if ((n == 0) || ((from <= 0) && (to <= 0))) return new int[]{0, n};
+		double minSec = Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+		double [] tv = new double [n];
+		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { tv[i] = parseTs(ts[i]); if (tv[i] < minSec) minSec = tv[i]; }
+		double f = expandTimeSpec(from, minSec, false);
+		double t = expandTimeSpec(to,   minSec, true);
+		int i0 = 0;  while ((i0 < n) && (tv[i0] <  f)) i0++;
+		int i1 = i0; while ((i1 < n) && (tv[i1] <= t)) i1++;
+		if (i0 >= n) { i0 = Math.max(0, n - 1); i1 = n; } // window past end - keep last scene
+		if (i1 <= i0) i1 = Math.min(n, i0 + 1);           // keep at least one scene
+		return new int[]{i0, i1};
+	}
+
+	/** Shallow sub-range of a rendered-ROI array / its labels for the timing ROI (no copy if full). // By Claude on 06/14/2026 */
+	private static double [][][][] win4(double [][][][] a, int [] w) {
+		return ((w[0] == 0) && (w[1] == a.length)) ? a : java.util.Arrays.copyOfRange(a, w[0], w[1]);
+	}
+	private static String [] winS(String [] a, int [] w) {
+		return ((w[0] == 0) && (w[1] == a.length)) ? a : java.util.Arrays.copyOfRange(a, w[0], w[1]);
+	}
+
+	/** Level selector for the heavy per-level paths (3d3/conv5d, C5P-direct, DNN): // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+	 *  empty/null curt_c5_levels = all built levels, otherwise only the listed ones. */
+	private static boolean c5LevelSelected(int [] c5_levels, int nlev) { // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+		if ((c5_levels == null) || (c5_levels.length == 0)) return true;
+		for (int l : c5_levels) if (l == nlev) return true;
+		return false;
+	}
 	
 	
 	public int getWidth() {
@@ -627,7 +656,8 @@ public class CuasDetectRT {
 
        	int    dim3d3 = (2*cuasRTUtils.get3d3Radius()+1);
 //       	int    size3x3 = dim3d3 * dim3d3;
-       	double [][][] dpixels_3d3 = new double [dpixels.length-1][width*height][dim3d3 * dim3d3];
+       	boolean use_3d3 = clt_parameters.imp.curt_3d3_en; // bypass the 3d3 coarse-velocity path (and its ~W*H*9 arrays) when off - C5P-direct/DNN use dpixels_pyramid, not 3d3 // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+       	double [][][] dpixels_3d3 = use_3d3 ? (new double [dpixels.length-1][width*height][dim3d3 * dim3d3]) : null; // By Claude on 06/14/2026
   		String title_conv3d3 = getBaseName()+SUFFIX_CONV3D3+"-PSF"+d2s(cuasRTUtils.getPsfRadius())+
    				"-KR"+d2s(cuasRTUtils.getKernel2dRadius())+"-ALPHA0_"+d2s(alpha0)+
    				"-ALPHAPYR_"+d2s(alpha_pyr)+"-M"+curt_3d3_mode+"-F"+d2s(curt_3d3_frac)+"-T"+d2s(curt_3d3_thrsh)+"-P"+d2s(curt_3d3_power)+
@@ -635,6 +665,7 @@ public class CuasDetectRT {
    				"-ALPHA1_"+d2s(alpha1);
    		// getTimeStamps(int from_indx)
    		int dbg_seq = 480;
+       	if (use_3d3) { // By Claude on 06/14/2026
        	System.out.println(now()+" detectTargets(): convolve3D3LReLU"); // By Claude on 06/11/2026
        	for (int nseq = 1; nseq < dpixels_log.length; nseq++) {
        		int dbg_lev = (nseq == dbg_seq) ? 1 : -10;
@@ -658,13 +689,18 @@ public class CuasDetectRT {
    					title_conv3d3);   // String        title)
        		QuadCLTCPU.saveImagePlusInDirectory(imp_3d3, getModelDirectory());
    		}
+   		} else { // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   			System.out.println(now()+" detectTargets(): 3d3 coarse-velocity path bypassed (curt_3d3_en=false)"); // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   		}
    		
        	// building pyramid
    		int pyramid_levels = 	clt_parameters.imp.curt_pyramid;
-   		if (clt_parameters.imp.curt_synth_src) { // B-measurement on synthetic needs only level 0 - bounds memory and runtime (lift this when synthetic LEV2+ tests are wanted) // By Claude on 06/11/2026
-   			pyramid_levels = 1;
-   			System.out.println("Synthetic input: limiting processing to pyramid level 0");
-   		}
+   		// Single level selector for ALL heavy per-level paths (3d3/conv5d, C5P-direct, DNN): // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+   		// curt_c5_levels = {} -> all built levels; {k} -> run the heavy stages only at level k
+   		// (the cheap temporalAverageLReLU/convolve3D3LReLU pyramid chain still builds up to k).
+   		// Synthetic input now uses the same pyramid + level selection as real data (the old
+   		// pyramid_levels=1 force and the curt_synth_bg_avg N= decimation were retired).
+   		final int [] c5_levels = clt_parameters.imp.curt_c5_levels;
    		
    		double [][][]   dpixels_pyramid =     new double [pyramid_levels][][];
    		String [][]     ts_pyramid =          new String [pyramid_levels][];
@@ -696,7 +732,22 @@ public class CuasDetectRT {
    	            filt_suffix +
    	            "-SR"+curt_vel_suppr_rad+"-D"+curt_vel_dbg_min;
    		// Level-0 5D convolution (fine velocity from coarse-velocity history)
-   		int num_5d_lev0 = Math.max(0, dpixels_3d3.length - num_hist_5d + 1);
+   		int num_5d_lev0 = Math.max(0, (dpixels.length - 1) - num_hist_5d + 1); // dpixels_3d3 length (= dpixels.length-1), valid even when 3d3 bypassed // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   		// Full whole-image conv5d render is ~num_vout * num_scenes * (W*sub)*(H*sub) * 8 B (x2 with the // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   		// compute array), and is currently an unfilled stub - guard it so it cannot OOM the heap.
+   		if (curt_save_c5full && (num_5d_lev0 > 0)) {
+   			int subdim = cuasRTUtils.getSubDim();
+   			long full_pix = (long)(width * subdim) * (height * subdim);
+   			long need = (long) cuasRTUtils.getNumVout() * num_5d_lev0 * full_pix * 8L * 2L;
+   			Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime();
+   			long headroom = rt.maxMemory() - (rt.totalMemory() - rt.freeMemory());
+   			if (need > (headroom / 2)) {
+   				System.out.println("WARNING: full velocities hyperstack (~"+(need >> 30)+" GB) exceeds safe heap (~"+(headroom >> 30)+
+   						" GB free) - skipping it (it is also an unfilled stub; use the ROI -RECT/-HYPER-RECT outputs).");
+   				curt_save_c5full = false;
+   			}
+   		}
+   		save_5d_pixels = curt_save_c5full; // re-sync after the guard (declared above) // By Claude on 06/14/2026
    		dpixels_5d_pyramid[0] =     new double[num_5d_lev0][][][];
    		dpixels_5d_roi_pyramid[0] = new double[num_5d_lev0][][][];
    		String[] ts_5d_lev0 = new String[num_5d_lev0];
@@ -705,6 +756,7 @@ public class CuasDetectRT {
    		// every curt_recur_period-th output after each level's sequence is complete.        // By Claude on 06/11/2026
    		boolean run_recur = curt_recur_en && (curt_save_select != null);                      // By Claude on 06/09/2026
    		System.out.println(now()+" detectTargets(): will run convolve3d()"); // By Claude on 06/11/2026
+   		if (use_3d3 && c5LevelSelected(c5_levels, 0)) { // gate the LEV0 3d3-based conv5d by curt_3d3_en + curt_c5_levels // By Claude on 06/14/2026
    		for (int n5d = 0; n5d < num_5d_lev0; n5d++) {
    			double tmp_min=curt_vel_dbg_min;
 /*   			
@@ -749,16 +801,18 @@ public class CuasDetectRT {
    			QuadCLTCPU.saveImagePlusInDirectory(imp_5d, getModelDirectory());
    		}
    		if (curt_save_c5rect && num_5d_lev0 > 0) {
+   			int [] win = timeWindow(ts_5d_lev0); // timing ROI (curt_time_from/to) // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   			double [][][][] roi_w = win4(dpixels_5d_roi_pyramid[0], win); String [] ts_w = winS(ts_5d_lev0, win); // By Claude on 06/14/2026
    			ImagePlus imp_5d_rect = cuasRTUtils.showConvKernel5d(
-   					dpixels_5d_roi_pyramid[0],
+   					roi_w,
    					curt_save_select,
-   					ts_5d_lev0,
+   					ts_w,
    					title_conv5d+"-RECT");
    			QuadCLTCPU.saveImagePlusInDirectory(imp_5d_rect, getModelDirectory());
    			ImagePlus imp_5d_hyper = cuasRTUtils.showConvKernel5dHyperRect(
-   					dpixels_5d_roi_pyramid[0],
+   					roi_w,
    					curt_save_select,
-   					ts_5d_lev0,
+   					ts_w,
    					title_conv5d+"-HYPER-RECT");
    			QuadCLTCPU.saveImagePlusInDirectory(imp_5d_hyper, getModelDirectory());
    		}
@@ -772,6 +826,7 @@ public class CuasDetectRT {
    					title_conv5d,               // String          title_base,               // By Claude on 06/11/2026
    					true);                      // boolean         save_individual           // By Claude on 06/11/2026
    		}                                                                                     // By Claude on 06/11/2026
+   		} // end LEV0 conv5d gate (curt_c5_levels) // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    		for (int nlev = 0; nlev < pyramid_levels; nlev++) {
    	       	if (save_LoG_pixels) {
    	       		String title_conv2d_lev = getBaseName()+SUFFIX_CONV2D+"-PSF"+d2s(cuasRTUtils.getPsfRadius())+
@@ -788,12 +843,19 @@ public class CuasDetectRT {
    			
    			// run next pyramid level (use half of the temporal slices)
    			if (nlev < (pyramid_levels -1)) {
-   				System.out.println(now()+" detectTargets(): building pyramid level "+(nlev+1)); // By Claude on 06/11/2026
    				int num_lev_scenes = (dpixels_pyramid[nlev].length)/2 -1;
+   				if (num_lev_scenes < 1) { // sequence too short to build deeper levels - stop here // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   					System.out.println(now()+" detectTargets(): pyramid level "+(nlev+1)+
+   							" would have "+num_lev_scenes+" frames (LEV"+nlev+" has "+dpixels_pyramid[nlev].length+
+   							") - stopping pyramid build at LEV"+nlev);
+   					break;
+   				}
+   				System.out.println(now()+" detectTargets(): building pyramid level "+(nlev+1)); // By Claude on 06/11/2026
    				dpixels_pyramid[nlev+1] = new double[num_lev_scenes][width*height];
    				
-   				dpixels_3d3_pyramid[nlev+1] = new double [num_lev_scenes][width*height][dim3d3 * dim3d3];
    				ts_pyramid[nlev+1] = new String[num_lev_scenes];
+   				boolean lev_sel_next = use_3d3 && c5LevelSelected(c5_levels, nlev+1); // 3d3/conv5d only if enabled and this level is selected // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   				if (lev_sel_next) dpixels_3d3_pyramid[nlev+1] = new double [num_lev_scenes][width*height][dim3d3 * dim3d3]; // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    				for (int nseq = 0; nseq < num_lev_scenes; nseq++) {
    					ts_pyramid[nlev+1][nseq] = ts_pyramid[nlev][2*(nseq + 1)];
    					cuasRTUtils.temporalAverageLReLU(
@@ -802,7 +864,7 @@ public class CuasDetectRT {
    							dpixels_pyramid[nlev+1][nseq], // double []       result_in,
    							alpha_pyr);                 // final double    alpha)
    					
-   					cuasRTUtils.convolve3D3LReLU(
+   					if (lev_sel_next) cuasRTUtils.convolve3D3LReLU(                            // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    							dpixels_pyramid[nlev][2*nseq+2],   // final double [] data,
    							dpixels_pyramid[nlev][2*nseq],     // final double [] data_prev,
    							dpixels_3d3_pyramid[nlev+1][nseq], // double [][]     result_in,
@@ -815,6 +877,7 @@ public class CuasDetectRT {
    			   				alpha1,                            // final double    alpha) {
    			   				debugLevel);                       // final int       debugLevel)
    				}
+   		   		if (lev_sel_next) { // gate 3d3-save + conv5d + saves + recurrent at this pyramid level (curt_c5_levels) // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    		   		if (save_3d3_pixels) {
    		   			ImagePlus imp_3d3 = cuasRTUtils.render3d3Hyperstack(
    		   					dpixels_3d3_pyramid[nlev+1],      // double [][][] coarse_vel_seq, // [nser][npix][nvel]
@@ -863,16 +926,18 @@ public class CuasDetectRT {
    		   			QuadCLTCPU.saveImagePlusInDirectory(imp_5d, getModelDirectory());
    		   		}
    		   		if (curt_save_c5rect && num_5d_lev > 0) {
+   		   			int [] win = timeWindow(ts_5d_lev); // timing ROI // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   		   			double [][][][] roi_w = win4(dpixels_5d_roi_pyramid[nlev+1], win); String [] ts_w = winS(ts_5d_lev, win); // By Claude on 06/14/2026
    		   			ImagePlus imp_5d_rect = cuasRTUtils.showConvKernel5d(
-   		   					dpixels_5d_roi_pyramid[nlev+1],
+   		   					roi_w,
    		   					curt_save_select,
-   		   					ts_5d_lev,
+   		   					ts_w,
    		   					title_conv5d+"-LEV"+(nlev+1)+"-RECT");
    		   			QuadCLTCPU.saveImagePlusInDirectory(imp_5d_rect, getModelDirectory());
    		   			ImagePlus imp_5d_hyper = cuasRTUtils.showConvKernel5dHyperRect(
-   		   					dpixels_5d_roi_pyramid[nlev+1],
+   		   					roi_w,
    		   					curt_save_select,
-   		   					ts_5d_lev,
+   		   					ts_w,
    		   					title_conv5d+"-LEV"+(nlev+1)+"-HYPER-RECT");
    		   			QuadCLTCPU.saveImagePlusInDirectory(imp_5d_hyper, getModelDirectory());
    		   		}
@@ -885,7 +950,37 @@ public class CuasDetectRT {
    		   					title_conv5d+"-LEV"+(nlev+1),    // String          title_base,    // By Claude on 06/11/2026
    		   					false);                          // boolean         save_individual // By Claude on 06/11/2026
    		   		}                                                                             // By Claude on 06/11/2026
+   		   		} // end 3d3/conv5d gate at this pyramid level (curt_c5_levels) // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+   			}
+   		}
+   		// --- Synthetic reference grid injection + sqrt(2) noise check ---------------------- // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   		if (clt_parameters.imp.curt_synth_src && (synth_pixels != null) && (synth_pixels.length > 0)) {
+   			// sqrt(2) check: full-frame std of the PURE real frame 0 should drop ~/sqrt(2) per level.
+   			for (int nlev = 0; nlev < pyramid_levels; nlev++) {
+   				if ((dpixels_pyramid[nlev] == null) || (dpixels_pyramid[nlev].length == 0)) continue;
+   				double [] f0 = dpixels_pyramid[nlev][0];
+   				double s = 0, s2 = 0; int np = f0.length;
+   				for (double v : f0) { s += v; s2 += v*v; }
+   				double mean = s/np, var = s2/np - mean*mean;
+   				System.out.println(String.format("   LEV%d real background std = %.5f (frame0, %d px) - expect ~/sqrt(2) per level", nlev, Math.sqrt(Math.max(0.0,var)), np));
+   			}
+   			// Inject the synthetic grid TILED (synth[j %% n]) into each SELECTED built level, AFTER
+   			// the pure-real pyramid is complete - so it is identical at every level (never averaged
+   			// across levels) while the real noise is averaged. Moving cells wrap every n_synth frames
+   			// (a deliberate recurrent-decay test case). C5P/DNN read this; legacy 3d3-conv5d does not.
+   			int n_synth = synth_pixels.length;
+   			for (int nlev = 0; nlev < pyramid_levels; nlev++) {
+   				if (!c5LevelSelected(c5_levels, nlev)) continue;
+   				double [][] lev = dpixels_pyramid[nlev];
+   				if (lev == null) continue;
+   				for (int j = 0; j < lev.length; j++) {
+   					float [] sp = synth_pixels[j % n_synth];
+   					double [] d = lev[j];
+   					int m = Math.min(d.length, sp.length);
+   					for (int pix = 0; pix < m; pix++) d[pix] += sp[pix];
+   				}
    			}
+   			System.out.println(now()+" detectTargets(): injected synthetic grid (tiled "+n_synth+" frames) into selected pyramid levels");
    		}
    		// Direct pixel-domain fine-velocity path (-C5P): bypass the 3x3 coarse stage -    // By Claude on 06/11/2026
    		// a single-stage velocity-matched filter straight on the LoG+LReLU frames of     // By Claude on 06/11/2026
@@ -893,7 +988,6 @@ public class CuasDetectRT {
    		// equal contrast). Parallel to the 3d3-based path for comparison.                // By Claude on 06/11/2026
    		if (clt_parameters.imp.curt_c5_from_pix && (curt_save_select != null)) {           // By Claude on 06/11/2026
    			int num_hist_p = cuasRTUtils.getNumHistDirect();                               // By Claude on 06/11/2026
-   			int [] c5_levels = clt_parameters.imp.curt_c5_levels;                          // empty/null = all levels // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    			boolean white_en = clt_parameters.imp.curt_c5_white;                           // linear sharpening before nonlinearities // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 			double  white_sp = clt_parameters.imp.curt_c5_white_sp;                        // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 			double  white_vel = clt_parameters.imp.curt_c5_white_vel;                      // By Claude on 06/13/2026
@@ -904,9 +998,7 @@ public class CuasDetectRT {
    			double [] op_log_prior = cuasRTUtils.getVelLogPrior(                           // shared by gate + sweep // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    					clt_parameters.imp.curt_c5_prior_r0, clt_parameters.imp.curt_c5_prior_r1); // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    			for (int nlev = 0; nlev < pyramid_levels; nlev++) {                            // By Claude on 06/11/2026
-   				boolean lev_sel = (c5_levels == null) || (c5_levels.length == 0);          // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-   				if (!lev_sel) for (int l : c5_levels) if (l == nlev) { lev_sel = true; break; } // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-   				if (!lev_sel) continue;                                                    // skip non-selected levels (speed) // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+   				if (!c5LevelSelected(c5_levels, nlev)) continue;                           // skip non-selected levels (speed) // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    				double [][] frames = dpixels_pyramid[nlev];                                // By Claude on 06/11/2026
    				if (frames == null) continue;                                              // By Claude on 06/11/2026
    				int num_5dp = Math.max(0, frames.length - num_hist_p + 1);                 // By Claude on 06/11/2026
@@ -953,14 +1045,16 @@ public class CuasDetectRT {
    						(white_en ? ("-W"+white_sp+"_"+white_vel) : "")+ // linear whitening marker // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    						(recur_soft ? ("-PG"+recur_lambda+"K"+recur_keep) : "")+ // posterior-gated recurrent feed marker // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    						((nlev > 0)? ("-LEV"+nlev) : ""); // By Claude on 06/12/2026
+   				int [] win_c5p = timeWindow(ts_5dp); // timing ROI // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   				double [][][][] c5p_w = win4(c5p_roi, win_c5p); String [] ts_5dp_w = winS(ts_5dp, win_c5p); // By Claude on 06/14/2026
    				if (curt_save_c5rect) {                                                    // By Claude on 06/11/2026
    					ImagePlus imp_c5p_rect = cuasRTUtils.showConvKernel5d(                 // By Claude on 06/11/2026
-   							c5p_roi, curt_save_select, ts_5dp, title_c5p+"-RECT");         // By Claude on 06/11/2026
+   							c5p_w, curt_save_select, ts_5dp_w, title_c5p+"-RECT");         // By Claude on 06/14/2026
    					QuadCLTCPU.saveImagePlusInDirectory(imp_c5p_rect, getModelDirectory()); // By Claude on 06/11/2026
    				}                                                                          // By Claude on 06/11/2026
    				if (clt_parameters.imp.curt_save_c5hyper) {                                // per-velocity view: bottom slider = velocity, second = time // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    					ImagePlus imp_c5p_hyper = cuasRTUtils.showConvKernel5dHyperRect(       // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-   							c5p_roi, curt_save_select, ts_5dp, title_c5p+"-HYPER-RECT");   // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+   							c5p_w, curt_save_select, ts_5dp_w, title_c5p+"-HYPER-RECT");   // By Claude on 06/14/2026
    					QuadCLTCPU.saveImagePlusInDirectory(imp_c5p_hyper, getModelDirectory()); // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    				}                                                                          // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    				// Bayes posterior lambda sweep: per-cell score z^2/2+ln(prior) (-SCORE),  // By Claude on 06/12/2026
@@ -1041,24 +1135,30 @@ public class CuasDetectRT {
    		if (!clt_parameters.imp.curt_dnn_model.isEmpty() && (curt_save_select != null)) {     // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    			final int N_dnn = 8;                                                              // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    			final int vr_dnn = clt_parameters.imp.curt_vel_radius;                            // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-   			int [] c5_levels_dnn = clt_parameters.imp.curt_c5_levels;                         // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+   			final int dnn_stride = Math.max(1, clt_parameters.imp.curt_dnn_stride);           // 1 = every slice (testing), 4 = production 50% overlap // By Claude on 06/14/2026
    			try {                                                                             // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    				CuasDnnInfer dnn = new CuasDnnInfer(clt_parameters.imp.curt_dnn_model, N_dnn); // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    				for (int nlev = 0; nlev < pyramid_levels; nlev++) {                           // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-   					boolean lev_sel = (c5_levels_dnn == null) || (c5_levels_dnn.length == 0); // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-   					if (!lev_sel) for (int l : c5_levels_dnn) if (l == nlev) { lev_sel = true; break; } // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-   					if (!lev_sel) continue;                                                   // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+   					if (!c5LevelSelected(c5_levels, nlev)) continue;                          // level gating (curt_c5_levels) // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    					double [][] framesD = dpixels_pyramid[nlev];                              // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    					if (framesD == null) continue;                                            // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-   					int num = Math.max(0, framesD.length - N_dnn + 1);                       // all available scenes // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-   					if (num == 0) continue;                                                   // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+   					// stride-4 (production) outputs every 4th level-slice (0..7, 4..11, ...); stride-1 (testing) every slice // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   					int num_all = (framesD.length >= N_dnn) ? ((framesD.length - N_dnn)/dnn_stride + 1) : 0; // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   					if (num_all == 0) continue;                                               // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+   					// timing ROI (curt_time_from/to): infer ONLY the in-window scenes (compute-window, not just save) // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   					String [] cand_ts = new String [num_all];                                 // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   					for (int k = 0; k < num_all; k++) cand_ts[k] = ts_pyramid[nlev][k * dnn_stride + N_dnn - 1]; // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   					int [] tw = timeWindow(cand_ts); int w0 = tw[0], num = tw[1] - tw[0];     // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   					if (num <= 0) continue;                                                   // By Claude on 06/14/2026
    					double dnn_thresh = clt_parameters.imp.curt_dnn_thresh;                   // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    					double [][][][] dnn_roi = new double [num][][][];                         // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+   					double [][][]   dnn_off = new double [num][][];                            // per scene: [roi_pix][{dx,dy,s}] - sub-pixel offset viz // By Claude on 06/14/2026
    					String [] ts_dnn = new String [num];                                      // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-   					System.out.println(now()+" detectTargets(): DNN inferROI LEV"+nlev+" ("+num+" scenes, "+ // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+   					System.out.println(now()+" detectTargets(): DNN inferROI LEV"+nlev+" ("+num+" of "+num_all+" scenes, stride "+dnn_stride+", "+ // By Claude on 06/14/2026
    							(curt_save_select.width*curt_save_select.height)+" px/scene, thresh="+dnn_thresh+")"); // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-   					for (int n5d = 0; n5d < num; n5d++) {                                     // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-   						int newest = n5d + N_dnn - 1;                                         // absolute newest-frame index in framesD // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+   					for (int j = 0; j < num; j++) {                                           // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   						int n5d = w0 + j;                                                     // in-window scene index // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   						int newest = n5d * dnn_stride + N_dnn - 1;                            // absolute newest-frame index in framesD (strided) // By Claude on 06/14/2026
    						float [][] window = new float [N_dnn][];                              // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    						for (int h = 0; h < N_dnn; h++) {                                     // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    							double [] src = framesD[newest - h];                              // h=0 newest // By Claude on 06/13/2026
@@ -1066,19 +1166,42 @@ public class CuasDetectRT {
    							for (int k = 0; k < src.length; k++) fw[k] = (float) src[k];      // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    							window[h] = fw;                                                   // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    						}                                                                     // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-   						dnn_roi[n5d] = dnn.inferROI(window, width, height, curt_save_select, vr_dnn, dnn_thresh); // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-   						ts_dnn[n5d] = ts_pyramid[nlev][newest] + " f"+newest;                 // timestamp + abs frame index for matching // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-   						System.out.println(now()+"   DNN scene "+(n5d+1)+"/"+num+" (frame "+newest+", "+ts_pyramid[nlev][newest]+") done"); // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+   						double [][] off = new double [curt_save_select.width * curt_save_select.height][]; // {dx,dy,s} per ROI pixel // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   						dnn_roi[j] = dnn.inferROI(window, width, height, curt_save_select, vr_dnn, dnn_thresh, off); // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   						dnn_off[j] = off;                                                     // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   						ts_dnn[j] = ts_pyramid[nlev][newest] + " f"+newest;                   // timestamp + abs frame index for matching // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   						System.out.println(now()+"   DNN scene "+(j+1)+"/"+num+" (frame "+newest+", "+ts_pyramid[nlev][newest]+") done"); // By Claude on 06/14/2026
    					}                                                                         // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    					String title_dnn = title_conv5d+"-DNN"+((nlev > 0)?("-LEV"+nlev):"");      // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+   					int [] win_dnn = timeWindow(ts_dnn); // timing ROI // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   					double [][][][] dnn_w = win4(dnn_roi, win_dnn); String [] ts_dnn_w = winS(ts_dnn, win_dnn); // By Claude on 06/14/2026
    					if (curt_save_c5rect) {                                                   // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    						QuadCLTCPU.saveImagePlusInDirectory(cuasRTUtils.showConvKernel5d(      // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-   								dnn_roi, curt_save_select, ts_dnn, title_dnn+"-RECT"), getModelDirectory()); // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+   								dnn_w, curt_save_select, ts_dnn_w, title_dnn+"-RECT"), getModelDirectory()); // By Claude on 06/14/2026
    					}                                                                         // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    					if (clt_parameters.imp.curt_save_c5hyper) {                               // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    						QuadCLTCPU.saveImagePlusInDirectory(cuasRTUtils.showConvKernel5dHyperRect( // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-   								dnn_roi, curt_save_select, ts_dnn, title_dnn+"-HYPER-RECT"), getModelDirectory()); // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+   								dnn_w, curt_save_select, ts_dnn_w, title_dnn+"-HYPER-RECT"), getModelDirectory()); // By Claude on 06/14/2026
    					}                                                                         // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+   					// -DNN-OFFSET: the per-pixel sub-pixel offset (dx,dy) + confidence s over the ROI,     // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+   					// to see whether a cluster's offsets converge on one fractional position. Channels
+   					// (bottom slider): 0=dx, 1=dy (NaN where s<0.05 so only detections show), 2=s.
+   					{
+   						int rwid = curt_save_select.width, rhgt = curt_save_select.height, rnp = rwid * rhgt;
+   						int nsc = win_dnn[1] - win_dnn[0];
+   						double [][][] off_hyper = new double [3][nsc][rnp];
+   						double vthr = 0.05;
+   						for (int k = 0; k < nsc; k++) {
+   							double [][] off = dnn_off[win_dnn[0] + k];
+   							for (int p = 0; p < rnp; p++) {
+   								double dx = Double.NaN, dy = Double.NaN, sv = 0.0;
+   								if ((off != null) && (off[p] != null)) { sv = off[p][2]; if (sv >= vthr) { dx = off[p][0]; dy = off[p][1]; } }
+   								off_hyper[0][k][p] = dx; off_hyper[1][k][p] = dy; off_hyper[2][k][p] = sv;
+   							}
+   						}
+   						QuadCLTCPU.saveImagePlusInDirectory(ShowDoubleFloatArrays.showArraysHyperstack(
+   								off_hyper, rwid, title_dnn+"-OFFSET", ts_dnn_w, new String[]{"dx","dy","s"}, false), getModelDirectory());
+   					}
    				}                                                                             // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    				dnn.close();                                                                  // By Claude on 06/13/2026
    			} catch (Exception e) {                                                           // By Claude on 06/13/2026

src/main/java/com/elphel/imagej/tileprocessor/IntersceneMatchParameters.java

@@ -1133,6 +1133,7 @@ min_str_neib_fpn	0.35
 	public int      curt_pyramid =         7;     // temporal pyramid levels
 	public double   curt_rleak_pyr =       0.1;   // 1-ReLU leak (0 - linear, 1.0 - classic ReLU) after averaging 2 consecutive samples
 	// === Coarse velocities layer (from -1 to +1 in each direction, 9 total) ===
+	public boolean  curt_3d3_en =          false; // compute the 3d3 coarse-velocity path (and its conv5d / dpixels_3d3 arrays); default false so old config files (without this key) bypass it and save memory/time - C5P-direct/DNN do not use it; set true when/if needed // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 	public int      curt_3d3_mode =        2;     // 0 (plain) integration, 1 - fraction to the winner, 2 use strength power
 	public double   curt_3d3_frac =        0.5;   // for stronger signals give this fraction of the total (of 9) weight to the 1-of-9 winner   
 	public double   curt_3d3_thrsh =       1.0;   // scale down curt_3d3_frac for weaker signals (in ratio of min(data[now]/curt_3d3_thrsh,1.0)
@@ -1179,16 +1180,18 @@ min_str_neib_fpn	0.35
 	public double   curt_c5_white_vel =    0.0;   // whitening velocity strength a (3-tap unsharp in vx and vy); 0 - no velocity sharpening // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 	public String   curt_dnn_model =       "";    // C5P DNN front-end model (ONNX): empty = disabled; local path, scp user@host:path, or http(s) URL fetched to cache; overrides bundled resource (mirrors tile_processor_gpu) // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 	public double   curt_dnn_thresh =      0.0;   // DNN display threshold: zero the (Vx,Vy,s) field where detection s < this (0 - show all); cosmetic FP-suppression - real-clutter FPs need a retrain with real-bg negatives, not a threshold // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+	public int      curt_dnn_stride =      1;     // DNN temporal output stride (per pyramid-level slice): 1 = every step (testing, watch each temporal unit); 4 = production (50% overlap, matches the convolver's integer-pixel-shift cadence = curt_recur_period) // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 	public boolean  curt_synth_src =       true;  // default set for the synthetic B-measurement experiment (set false for real-data runs); reads *-CUAS-SYNTHETIC-CUAS.tiff, output titles get -SYNTH // By Claude on 06/12/2026
 	public double   curt_synth_scale =     5.0;   // synthetic target peak, counts (synthetic file is peak-1 normalized; scaled at load) // By Claude on 06/12/2026
 	public boolean  curt_synth_bg =        true;  // add the real *-CUAS-MERGED-CUAS.tiff scene under the synthetic targets (label-matched frames); false - clean targets only // By Claude on 06/12/2026
-	public int      curt_synth_bg_avg =    1;     // pyramid-level emulation: background per synthetic frame = mean of N consecutive real frames (non-overlapping groups, level log2(N) noise stats); targets keep per-frame motion; 1 - off // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 	public double   curt_min_frac =        0.0;   // default 0 for linear synthetic/B runs (production value ~0.1); zeroes conv5d outputs where the newest frame contributes less than this fraction (NONLINEAR dark-frame gate) // By Claude on 06/12/2026
 	// debug/saving images
 	public boolean  curt_save_c5full =     false; // save fine velocities [direction][scene][subpixels]
 	public boolean  curt_save_c5rect =     true;  // save fine velocities for selected rectangle only [scene][flattened image]
 	public boolean  curt_save_c5hyper =    true;  // save per-velocity HYPER-RECT hyperstacks (bottom slider=velocity, second=time) for C5P and posterior outputs - watch a low-SNR target evolve at fixed velocity // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 	public Rectangle curt_save_select =    new Rectangle(98, 265, 82, 24); // Example selection for 1773135527_803834
+	public double   curt_time_from =      -1.0;  // timing ROI start (timestamp seconds): <=0 open; 0<v<10000 = last-4 of seconds (expanded from the file's range, rollover-aware); >=10000 explicit. Clips saved RECT/HYPER/DNN/C5P stacks to the time window // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+	public double   curt_time_to =        -1.0;  // timing ROI end (timestamp seconds): same convention as curt_time_from; the whole 'to' second is included // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 	
 	// Airplane mode
 	public boolean  air_mode_en =          false; // enable airplane mode
@@ -3428,6 +3431,8 @@ min_str_neib_fpn	0.35
 				"1-ReLU leak (0 - linear, 1.0 - classic ReLU) after merging to consecutive samples from the previous level data.");
 		
 		gd.addMessage("=== Coarse velocities layer (from -1 to +1 in each direction, 9 total) ===");
+		gd.addCheckbox ("Compute 3d3 coarse-velocity path",          this.curt_3d3_en, // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+				"Compute the 3x3 coarse-velocity (3d3) path and its conv5d outputs. Uncheck to BYPASS it - saves the ~W*H*9 arrays and time. The C5P-direct and DNN paths do not use it, so leave it off for those runs."); // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 		gd. addChoice("Coarse velocities non-linearities mode",     CuasDetectRT.CONV3D3_MODES, CuasDetectRT.CONV3D3_MODES[this.curt_3d3_mode],
 				"0 (plain) integration only, 1 - fraction to the winner, 2 - use velocities strength power.");
 		gd.addNumericField("Fraction for the winner",                this.curt_3d3_frac, 6,8,"x",
@@ -3522,14 +3527,14 @@ min_str_neib_fpn	0.35
 				"Trained DNN front-end model location. Empty = disabled (use matched-filter/posterior path). Local path, scp user@host:/path (fetched to cache), or http(s) URL. Overrides any bundled resource - same default-vs-override scheme as the GPU kernel sources."); // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 		gd.addNumericField("DNN confidence threshold",               this.curt_dnn_thresh, 6,8,"", // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 				"Zero the DNN (Vx,Vy,s) field where detection confidence s < this (0 = show all). Display/FP-suppression only - real-clutter false positives need a retrain with real-background negatives, not a threshold."); // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+		gd.addNumericField("DNN temporal stride",                    this.curt_dnn_stride, 0,3,"slices", // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+				"DNN output stride along the pyramid-level time axis: 1 = a fresh inference at every slice (testing, watch each temporal step); 4 = production (50% overlap of the window, matches the convolver's integer-pixel-shift cadence)."); // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 		gd.addCheckbox ("Use synthetic input",                       this.curt_synth_src, // By Claude on 06/11/2026
 				"Read *-CUAS-SYNTHETIC-CUAS.tiff (generated test targets) instead of *-CUAS-MERGED-CUAS.tiff from the same model directory; all output titles get a -SYNTH mark."); // By Claude on 06/11/2026
 		gd.addNumericField("Synthetic target peak",                   this.curt_synth_scale, 6,8,"counts", // By Claude on 06/12/2026
 				"Scale applied to the (peak-1 normalized) synthetic targets at load = target peak in counts. Reference: birds ~3, background sigma ~1.7, strong targets >30."); // By Claude on 06/12/2026
 		gd.addCheckbox ("Synthetic over real background",            this.curt_synth_bg, // By Claude on 06/12/2026
 				"Add the real *-CUAS-MERGED-CUAS.tiff scene under the scaled synthetic targets (frames matched by timestamp label). Unchecked - clean targets on zero background (linear B measurement)."); // By Claude on 06/12/2026
-		gd.addNumericField("Background frame averaging",             this.curt_synth_bg_avg, 0,3,"frames", // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-				"Pyramid-level emulation: background per synthetic frame = mean of this many CONSECUTIVE real frames (non-overlapping groups = level log2(N) noise statistics), while targets keep their per-frame motion (same relative velocity). Sequence truncates to complete groups. 1 - off (label-matched 1:1)."); // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 		gd.addNumericField("Min newest-frame fraction",              this.curt_min_frac, 6,8,"", // By Claude on 06/12/2026
 				"Zero fine-velocity outputs where the newest frame contributes less than this fraction of the accumulated response (dark-frame feedforward gate). NONLINEAR - punches holes into ridge maxima; set 0 for linear/synthetic B-measurement runs."); // By Claude on 06/12/2026
 
@@ -3541,6 +3546,10 @@ min_str_neib_fpn	0.35
 		gd.addCheckbox ("Save per-velocity hyperstacks",             this.curt_save_c5hyper, // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 				"HYPER-RECT views (bottom slider = velocity, second slider/scrollwheel = time) for the C5P output and one per posterior lambda - watch a low-SNR target evolve at a fixed velocity."); // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 		gd.addStringField ("Output selection Rectangle",             rectangleToString(curt_save_select), 40, "Selection Rectangle:left, top, width,height");
+		gd.addNumericField("Time ROI from (s)",                      this.curt_time_from, 3,12,"s", // 3 decimals (fixed) - stable round-trip on OK // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+				"Timing ROI start: clips saved RECT/HYPER/DNN/C5P stacks to this time window. -1 = open. Convenience: enter the last 4 digits of the seconds (0<v<10000) and the high digits are guessed from the file's timestamp range (rollover-aware); >=10000 = explicit seconds."); // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+		gd.addNumericField("Time ROI to (s)",                        this.curt_time_to, 3,12,"s", // 3 decimals (fixed) - stable round-trip on OK // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+				"Timing ROI end: same convention as 'from'. The whole 'to' second is included. -1 = open."); // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 		
 		gd.addTab("Airplane","Airplane mode (fast forward movement, low vertical speed");
 		gd.addCheckbox ("Enable airplane mode",                      this.air_mode_en,
@@ -5021,6 +5030,7 @@ min_str_neib_fpn	0.35
 		this.curt_pyramid =       (int) gd.getNextNumber();
 		this.curt_rleak_pyr =           gd.getNextNumber();
 
+		this.curt_3d3_en =              gd.getNextBoolean();     // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 		this.curt_3d3_mode =            gd.getNextChoiceIndex();
 		this.curt_3d3_frac =            gd.getNextNumber();
 		this.curt_3d3_thrsh =           gd.getNextNumber();
@@ -5068,16 +5078,18 @@ min_str_neib_fpn	0.35
 		this.curt_c5_white_vel =        gd.getNextNumber();      // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 		this.curt_dnn_model =           gd.getNextString().trim(); // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 		this.curt_dnn_thresh =          gd.getNextNumber();      // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+		this.curt_dnn_stride =    (int) gd.getNextNumber();      // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 		this.curt_synth_src =           gd.getNextBoolean();     // By Claude on 06/11/2026
 		this.curt_synth_scale =         gd.getNextNumber();      // By Claude on 06/12/2026
 		this.curt_synth_bg =            gd.getNextBoolean();     // By Claude on 06/12/2026
-		this.curt_synth_bg_avg =  (int) gd.getNextNumber();      // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 		this.curt_min_frac =            gd.getNextNumber();      // By Claude on 06/12/2026
 
 		this.curt_save_c5full =         gd.getNextBoolean();
 		this.curt_save_c5rect =         gd.getNextBoolean();
 		this.curt_save_c5hyper =        gd.getNextBoolean();     // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 		this.curt_save_select =         stringToRectangle(gd.getNextString());// Rectangle
+		this.curt_time_from =           gd.getNextNumber();      // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+		this.curt_time_to =             gd.getNextNumber();      // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 		
 		this.air_mode_en =              gd.getNextBoolean();
 		this.air_sync_ims =             gd.getNextBoolean();
@@ -6388,6 +6400,7 @@ min_str_neib_fpn	0.35
 		properties.setProperty(prefix+"curt_pyramid",         this.curt_pyramid+"");        // int
 		properties.setProperty(prefix+"curt_rleak_pyr",       this.curt_rleak_pyr+"");      // double
 		
+		properties.setProperty(prefix+"curt_3d3_en",          this.curt_3d3_en+"");         // boolean // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 		properties.setProperty(prefix+"curt_3d3_mode",        this.curt_3d3_mode+"");       // int
 		properties.setProperty(prefix+"curt_3d3_frac",        this.curt_3d3_frac+"");       // double
 		properties.setProperty(prefix+"curt_3d3_thrsh",       this.curt_3d3_thrsh+"");      // double
@@ -6434,16 +6447,18 @@ min_str_neib_fpn	0.35
 		properties.setProperty(prefix+"curt_c5_white_vel",    this.curt_c5_white_vel+"");   // double // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 		properties.setProperty(prefix+"curt_dnn_model",       this.curt_dnn_model);         // String // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 		properties.setProperty(prefix+"curt_dnn_thresh",      this.curt_dnn_thresh+"");     // double // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+		properties.setProperty(prefix+"curt_dnn_stride",      this.curt_dnn_stride+"");     // int // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 		properties.setProperty(prefix+"curt_synth_src",       this.curt_synth_src+"");      // boolean // By Claude on 06/11/2026
 		properties.setProperty(prefix+"curt_synth_scale",     this.curt_synth_scale+"");    // double  // By Claude on 06/12/2026
 		properties.setProperty(prefix+"curt_synth_bg",        this.curt_synth_bg+"");       // boolean // By Claude on 06/12/2026
-		properties.setProperty(prefix+"curt_synth_bg_avg",    this.curt_synth_bg_avg+"");   // int // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 		properties.setProperty(prefix+"curt_min_frac",        this.curt_min_frac+"");       // double  // By Claude on 06/12/2026
 
 		properties.setProperty(prefix+"curt_save_c5full",     this.curt_save_c5full+"");    // boolean
 		properties.setProperty(prefix+"curt_save_c5rect",     this.curt_save_c5rect+"");    // boolean
 		properties.setProperty(prefix+"curt_save_c5hyper",    this.curt_save_c5hyper+"");   // boolean // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 		properties.setProperty(prefix+"curt_save_select",     rectangleToString(curt_save_select)+"");  // Rectangle
+		properties.setProperty(prefix+"curt_time_from",       this.curt_time_from+"");      // double // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+		properties.setProperty(prefix+"curt_time_to",         this.curt_time_to+"");        // double // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 		
 		properties.setProperty(prefix+"air_mode_en",          this.air_mode_en+"");         // boolean
 		properties.setProperty(prefix+"air_sync_ims",         this.air_sync_ims+"");        // boolean
@@ -6788,6 +6803,7 @@ min_str_neib_fpn	0.35
 		if (properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_pyramid")!=null)         this.curt_pyramid=Integer.parseInt(properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_pyramid"));
 		if (properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_rleak_pyr")!=null)       this.curt_rleak_pyr=Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_rleak_pyr"));
 
+		if (properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_3d3_en")!=null)          this.curt_3d3_en=Boolean.parseBoolean(properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_3d3_en")); // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 		if (properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_3d3_mode")!=null)        this.curt_3d3_mode=Integer.parseInt(properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_3d3_mode"));
 		if (properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_3d3_frac")!=null)        this.curt_3d3_frac=Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_3d3_frac"));
 		if (properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_3d3_thrsh")!=null)       this.curt_3d3_thrsh=Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_3d3_thrsh"));
@@ -6835,17 +6851,19 @@ min_str_neib_fpn	0.35
 		if (properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_c5_white_vel")!=null)    this.curt_c5_white_vel=Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_c5_white_vel")); // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 		if (properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_dnn_model")!=null)       this.curt_dnn_model=(String) properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_dnn_model"); // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 		if (properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_dnn_thresh")!=null)      this.curt_dnn_thresh=Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_dnn_thresh")); // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+		if (properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_dnn_stride")!=null)      this.curt_dnn_stride=Integer.parseInt(properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_dnn_stride")); // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 
 		if (properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_synth_src")!=null)       this.curt_synth_src=Boolean.parseBoolean(properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_synth_src"));         // By Claude on 06/11/2026
 		if (properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_synth_scale")!=null)     this.curt_synth_scale=Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_synth_scale"));       // By Claude on 06/12/2026
 		if (properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_synth_bg")!=null)        this.curt_synth_bg=Boolean.parseBoolean(properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_synth_bg"));           // By Claude on 06/12/2026
-		if (properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_synth_bg_avg")!=null)    this.curt_synth_bg_avg=Integer.parseInt(properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_synth_bg_avg"));       // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 		if (properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_min_frac")!=null)        this.curt_min_frac=Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_min_frac"));             // By Claude on 06/12/2026
 
 		if (properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_save_c5full")!=null)     this.curt_save_c5full=Boolean.parseBoolean(properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_save_c5full"));
 		if (properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_save_c5rect")!=null)     this.curt_save_c5rect=Boolean.parseBoolean(properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_save_c5rect"));
 		if (properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_save_c5hyper")!=null)    this.curt_save_c5hyper=Boolean.parseBoolean(properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_save_c5hyper"));   // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 		if (properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_save_select")!=null)     this.curt_save_select=stringToRectangle((String) properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_save_select"));
+		if (properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_time_from")!=null)       this.curt_time_from=Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_time_from")); // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+		if (properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_time_to")!=null)         this.curt_time_to=Double.parseDouble(properties.getProperty(prefix+"curt_time_to")); // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 	}
 
 	public void getProperties(String prefix,Properties properties){
@@ -9072,6 +9090,7 @@ min_str_neib_fpn	0.35
 		imp.curt_pyramid =          this.curt_pyramid;
 		imp.curt_rleak_pyr =        this.curt_rleak_pyr;
 
+		imp.curt_3d3_en =           this.curt_3d3_en;        // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 		imp.curt_3d3_mode =         this.curt_3d3_mode;
 		imp.curt_3d3_frac =         this.curt_3d3_frac;
 		imp.curt_3d3_thrsh =        this.curt_3d3_thrsh;
@@ -9118,16 +9137,18 @@ min_str_neib_fpn	0.35
 		imp.curt_c5_white_vel =     this.curt_c5_white_vel;   // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 		imp.curt_dnn_model =        this.curt_dnn_model;     // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 		imp.curt_dnn_thresh =       this.curt_dnn_thresh;    // By Claude on 06/13/2026
+		imp.curt_dnn_stride =       this.curt_dnn_stride;    // By Claude on 06/14/2026
 		imp.curt_synth_src =        this.curt_synth_src;     // By Claude on 06/11/2026
 		imp.curt_synth_scale =      this.curt_synth_scale;   // By Claude on 06/12/2026
 		imp.curt_synth_bg =         this.curt_synth_bg;      // By Claude on 06/12/2026
-		imp.curt_synth_bg_avg =     this.curt_synth_bg_avg;  // By Claude on 06/13/2026
 		imp.curt_min_frac =         this.curt_min_frac;      // By Claude on 06/12/2026
 
 		imp.curt_save_c5full =      this.curt_save_c5full;
 		imp.curt_save_c5rect =      this.curt_save_c5rect;
 		imp.curt_save_c5hyper =     this.curt_save_c5hyper;  // By Claude on 06/13/2026
-		imp.curt_save_select =      new Rectangle(this.curt_save_select);		
+		imp.curt_save_select =      new Rectangle(this.curt_save_select);
+		imp.curt_time_from =        this.curt_time_from;     // By Claude on 06/14/2026
+		imp.curt_time_to =          this.curt_time_to;       // By Claude on 06/14/2026		
 		
 		imp.air_mode_en =           this.air_mode_en;
 		imp.air_sync_ims =          this.air_sync_ims;